To investigate the effect of polypropylene fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete structures in cold regions, obtain an appropriate amount of polypropylene fiber content, and improve the frost resistance of the structure, freeze-thaw cycle tests were conducted on three groups of reinforced concrete short column specimens with different polypropylene fiber contents. The depth of surface damage of the specimen was detected using ultrasonic method. The stress process and failure of the specimen were analyzed through axial compression test, and the corresponding changes in compressive toughness were discussed. A formula for calculating the axial compressive bearing capacity of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete short columns after freeze-thaw cycles was established. The test results indicate that the addition of polypropylene fibers can reduce the compressive bearing capacity of reinforced concrete short columns. An appropriate amount of polypropylene fiber can enhance the frost resistance, ductility and toughness of concrete components, and the recommended volume fraction of polypropylene fiber is 0.08-0.12%.