Concrete, as one of the most widely used structural materials in the construction industry, its strength and durability are directly related to the safety of the project. The study proposes a hybrid intelligent algorithm technique for analyzing the strength of concrete in engineering and construction. The process uses ultrasonic rebound technology to collect the concrete strength data, and the acoustic beam velocity calculation method of the ultrasonic instrument is set. The adaptation value of the particle is calculated from the adaptation function and dynamic inertia weights are introduced to balance the performance of the algorithm. The experimental results indicated that in the training efficiency analysis, the research method dropped to its minimum value at the 77th training session, which was in the range of 10-2 to 10-3. When analyzing the compressive strength prediction residuals, the research method had a maximum predicted strength positive residual of only 108 kPa and a maximum predicted strength negative residual of only -56 kPa when analyzing concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.6. The research method had the smallest error in 6 out of the 8 groups of lightweight ceramic granular aggregates for concrete strength analysis. This indicates that the research method is more efficient and can analyze the concrete strength more accurately. The study can provide technical support to the construction industry in analyzing the material properties.